Necessity of a fintech global regulation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17981/juridcuc.17.1.2021.03Keywords:
Fintech, international regulation, policy-makers, Regtech, financial systemAbstract
This article analyzes the need for international regulation for Fintech businesses. First, a brief analysis is made of the importance of the topic and the risks of the lack of good regulation. Subsequently, different cases of regulation are analyzed at the level of the traditional financial sector, as well as of some States that are considered decisive for the Fintech business, including Colombia, which has shown a good development of such ventures at the regional level. To achieve the task that we set ourselves, the deductive method was used, starting from the generality of the available information, and subsequently to an analysis of specific cases. Regarding the case study, it was a comparative study to offer a broader view of what should be the best applicable regulation. After this analysis, it was concluded that currently no state model would serve as an international model law and that what is required is a dialogue between States and businessmen to be able to approach the issue from different perspectives, in such a way that ensure economic growth and protection of both the economy and consumers internationally.
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References
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Boyer, M. & Nyce, Ch. (2002). Banks as Insurance Referral Agents? The convergence of financial services: evidence from the insurance industry. Cirano, (78). Available from https://cirano.qc.ca/files/publications/2002s-78.pdf
Buchak, G., Matvos, G., Piskorski T. & Seru, A. (2018). Fintech, regulatory arbitraje, and the rise of shadow Banks. Journal of Financial Economics, 130(3), 453–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2018.03.011
Central Committee of the Communit Party of China. (2015). The 13th Five-Year Plan for economic and social development of the Peoples Republic of China 2016–2020. [Online]. Available from https://en.ndrc.gov.cn/policyrelease_8233/201612/P020191101482242850325.pdf
CFTC. (2020). Commodity Futures Trading Commision. [Online]. Available from https://www.cftc.gov/
Claessens, S. & Perotti, E. (2007). Finance and inequality: Channels and evidence. Journal of Comparative Economics, 35(4), 748–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2007.07.002
Colaert, V. (2018). RegTech as a response to regulatory expansion in the financial sector. Proceedings of the 2017-12 European Forum for Securities Regulation. Vienna University of Economics and Business & LMU Munich, Vienna, Austria. Available from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2677116
Cumming, D. & Schwienbacher, A. (2018). Fintech Venture Capital. Corporate Governance: An international Review, 26(5), 374–389. https://doi.org/10.1111/corg.12256
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Chatzara, V. (2020). Fintech, Insurtech, and the Regulators. In: P. Marano & K. Noussia (Ed.), Insurtech a Legal Regulatory View (pp. 3–25). New York: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27386-6_1
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Findexable. (2019). The global fintech index 2020. Findexable Limited. [Online]. Available at: https://findexable.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Findexable_Global-Fintech-Rankings-2020exSFA.pdf
Foster, J. (2018, december 4). 21 Teffifying cybercrime statistics. Data Connectors. [Online]. Available: https://www.dataconnectors.com/technews/21-terrifying-cyber-crime-statistics/
Gorjón, S. (2018). The growth of the Fintech industry in China: a singular case. Economic Bulletin, 4. Available from https://
Gruin, J. & Knaack, P. (2019). Not just another shadow bank: Chinese authoritarian capitalism in the “developmental” promise of digital innovation. New Political Economy, 25(3), 370–387. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2018.1562437
Jarne, P. (2018). La Unión Europea ante el reto de las Fintech. Algunas notas al Plan de Acción en materia de tecnología financiera. Revista de Estudios Europeos, (72), 118–128. Available from http://www.ree-uva.es/index.php/sumarios/2018/n-72-julio-diciembre-2018/155-la-union-europea-ante-el-reto-de-las-fintech-algunas-notas-al-plan-de-accion-en-materia-de-tecnologia-financiera
JD Alois. (2019, October 21). Financial Services Innovation Act seeks to mandate innovation offices in federal agencies that impact Fintech. Crowdfund Insider. [Online]. Available from https://www.crowdfundinsider.com/2019/10/153145-financial-services-innovation-act-seeks-to-mandate-innovation-offices-in-federal-agencies-the-impact-fintech/
Johansson, E., Sutinen, K., Lassila, J., Lang, V., Martikainen, M. & Lehner, O. (2019). Regtech. A necessary tool to keep up with compliance and regulatory changes? ACRN Oxford Journal of Finance and Risk Perspective, 8(Special Issue Digital Accounting), 71–82. Available: http://www.acrn-journals.eu/resources/SI08_2019f.pdf
Klebeck, U. (2019). FinReg, FinTech, and RegTech –Quo Vadis, EU? In: J. Barberis, D. Arner & R. P. Buckley (Ed.), The RegTech Book: the financial technology handbook for investors, entrepreneurs and visionaries in regulation (pp. 199–204). New Delhi: Millennial Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119362197.ch38
Lehmann, M. (2019). Global Rules for a Global Market Place? – The regulation and supervision of Fintech Providers. [EBI Working Papers Series, 2019–no. 45]. Available from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3421963
Magnuson, W. (2018). Regulating Fintech. Vanderbilt Law Review, 71(4), 1167–1226. Available from https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1033&context=vlr
Maldonado, M. (2018). El fenómeno de la financiarización y sus efectos sociales. Breve análisis del caso colombiano. In vestigium Ire, 12(1), 186–216, Available from http://revistas.ustatunja.edu.co/index.php/ivestigium/article/view/1697
Morsy, S. (2014). The JOBS Act and crowdfunding: How narrowing the secondary market handicaps fraud plaintiffs. Brooklyn Law Review, 39(3). 1373–1405. Available from https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1059&context=blr
Nolasco, M. (2017). El Mercado de Fintech en Estados Unidos. Noviembre 2017. [eM. Estudios de Mercado. Resumen Ejecutivo]. Madrid: ICEX. Available from https://www.icex.es/icex/es/navegacion-principal/todos-nuestros-servicios/informacion-de-mercados/paises/navegacion-principal/el-mercado/estudios-informes/DOC2017773235.html?idPais=US
Noya, E. (2016). ¿Es el fintech el mayor desafío que afronta la banca? Revista Harvard Deusto, (254). Available from https://www.harvard-deusto.com/es-el-fintech-el-mayor-desafio-que-afronta-la-banca
NYS. (november 7, 2014). Virtual Currency. [Online]. Available from https://www.dfs.ny.gov/apps_and_licensing/virtual_currency_businesses/bitlicense_faqs
OCC. (2020). Office of the Comptoller of the Currency. [Online]. Available: https://www.occ.treas.gov/
Omarova, S. (2020). Dealing with disruption: emerging approaches to Fintech regulation. [Cornell Law School Research Paper, No. 20-17]. Available from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3576609
PWC. (2019). Crossing the lines: How Fintech is propelling FS and TMT firms out of their lanes. [Global Fintech Report 2019]. Available from https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/industries/financial-services/assets/pwc-global-fintech-report-2019.pdf
Republic of Colombia. Presidency of the Republic. (February 14, 2020). By which Decree 2555 of 2010 is amended in relation to correspondents, electronic savings accounts, electronic deposits, low amount credit and other provisions. [Decree 222] Oficial Journal: 51.228. Available: http://svrpubindc.imprenta.gov.co/diario/index.xhtml
Republic of Colombia. Congress of the Republic. (July 31, 2018). By which Decree 2555 of 2010 is amended in relation to the activity of collaborative financing. [Decree 1357] OJ: 50.671. Available: http://svrpubindc.imprenta.gov.co/diario/index.xhtml
Republic of Colombia. Congress of the Republic. (May. 25, 2019). National Development Plan 2018-2022. [Act 1955]. OJ: 50.964. Available: http://svrpubindc.imprenta.gov.co/diario/index.xhtml
Republic of Colombia. SFC. (2020). Innova SFC. [Online]. Available from https://www.superfinanciera.gov.co/jsp/10097165
Shapovalov, M. (2015). Derecho financiero internacional: Historia, estado actual y perspectivas de desarrollo. Dikaion, 24(1), 171–195. Disponible en https://dikaion.unisabana.edu.co/index.php/dikaion/article/view/4324/4096
Schumpeter, J. (1943). Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. London and New York: Routledge.
USA. House of representatives. (2019). Financial Services Innovation Act of 2019. Res. 4767, 116th Cong. Reg. Available from https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/4767/text?r=6&s=1
USA. H. R. (2012). Small Company Capital Formation Act of 2011. Res. 1070, 112th Cong. Res. Available from https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/house-bill/1070
USA. H. R. (2010). Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Res. 4173, 111th Cong. Reg. Available from https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-bill/4173
USA. SEC. (october 1, 2018). FinHub. [Online]. Available from https://www.sec.gov/finhub
Vives, X. (2019). Digital Disruption in banking. Annual Review of Financial Economics, 11, 243–272. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-financial-100719-120854
Vullo, M. (2018). New York State. Department of Financial Services. [Online Lending Report]. Available from https://www.dfs.ny.gov/docs/reportpub/online_lending_survey_rpt_07112018.pdf
World Bank. (2019). Country Partnership Framework for the People’s Republic of China for the period FY 2020-2025. [Report No. 117875-CN]. Available from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/902781575573489712/pdf/China-Country-Partnership-Framework-for-the-Period-FY2020-2025.pdf
Zhou, W., Arner, D. & Bucley, R. (2017). Regulating Fintech in China: from permissive to balanced. In: D. Chuen & R. Deng (Ed.), Handbook of Blockchain, Digital Finance, and Inclusion, Vol. 2 (pp. 45–64). London: Elsevier & Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812282-2.00003-6
Arner, D., Barberis, J. & Bucley, R. (2017b). RegTech: Building a better financial system. In: D. L. K. Chuen & R. Deng (Ed.), Handbook of blockchain, digital finance, and inclusion, Volume 1 (pp. 359–373). Cambridge: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-810441-5.00016-6
ASBA. (2019). Prácticas globales de regulación y supervisión de Fintech. [Regulación para la innovación responsable y competitiva del sector financiero]. Ciudad de México: ASBA y BID Lab. Recuperado de http://www.asbasupervision.com/es/bibl/i-publicaciones-asba/i-1-grupos-de-trabajo/2206-practicas-globales-de-regulacion-y-supervision-de-fintech-1/file
BCBS. (december 7, 2017). Basel III: international regulatory framework for banks. [Online]. Available: https://www.bis.org/bcbs/basel3.htm
Boehmer, E., Nash, R. & Netter, J. (2005). Bank privatization in developing and developed countries: Cross-sectional evidence on the impact of economic and political factors. Journal of Banking & Finance, 29(8-9), 1981–2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2005.03.004
Boyer, M. & Nyce, Ch. (2002). Banks as Insurance Referral Agents? The convergence of financial services: evidence from the insurance industry. Cirano, (78). Available from https://cirano.qc.ca/files/publications/2002s-78.pdf
Buchak, G., Matvos, G., Piskorski T. & Seru, A. (2018). Fintech, regulatory arbitraje, and the rise of shadow Banks. Journal of Financial Economics, 130(3), 453–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2018.03.011
Central Committee of the Communit Party of China. (2015). The 13th Five-Year Plan for economic and social development of the Peoples Republic of China 2016–2020. [Online]. Available from https://en.ndrc.gov.cn/policyrelease_8233/201612/P020191101482242850325.pdf
CFTC. (2020). Commodity Futures Trading Commision. [Online]. Available from https://www.cftc.gov/
Claessens, S. & Perotti, E. (2007). Finance and inequality: Channels and evidence. Journal of Comparative Economics, 35(4), 748–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2007.07.002
Colaert, V. (2018). RegTech as a response to regulatory expansion in the financial sector. Proceedings of the 2017-12 European Forum for Securities Regulation. Vienna University of Economics and Business & LMU Munich, Vienna, Austria. Available from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2677116
Cumming, D. & Schwienbacher, A. (2018). Fintech Venture Capital. Corporate Governance: An international Review, 26(5), 374–389. https://doi.org/10.1111/corg.12256
Chorzempa, M. (2018, december 19). How China gor a head start in fintech, and why the west won’t catch up. MIT Technology Review. [Online]. Available from https://www.technologyreview.com/2018/12/19/138354/how-china-got-a-head-start-in-fintech-and-why-the-west-wont-catch-up/
Chatzara, V. (2020). Fintech, Insurtech, and the Regulators. In: P. Marano & K. Noussia (Ed.), Insurtech a Legal Regulatory View (pp. 3–25). New York: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27386-6_1
De La Torre, M. (2018). Utilización del sector financiero para el lavado de dinero: perspectiva desde la legislación ecuatoriana. Jurídicas CUC, 14(1), 145–166. https://doi.org/10.17981/juridcuc.14.1.2018.07
Deloitte. (2017). Fintech by the numbers. Incumbents, startups, investors adapt to maturing ecosystem. Deloite. [Online]. Available from https://www2.deloitte.com/ru/en/pages/financial-services/articles/fintech-by-the-numbers.html
Di Castri, S., Grasser, M. & Kulenkampff, A. (2018). Financial Authorities in the era of data abundance. RegTech for regulators and SupTech solutions. BFA Global. [Online]. Availlable from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3249283
Dowd, K., Hutchinson, M., Hinchliffe, J. & Ashby, S. (2011). Capital inadequacies: the dismal failure of the Basel regime of bank capital regulation. Policy Analysis, (681), 1–40. Available from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1961708
EU. EC. (2018, march 8). Fintech: Commission takes action for a more competitive and innovative financial market. [Press Release]. Available from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_18_1403
EU. EC. (2018). Fintech Action Plan: For a more competitive and innovative European financial sector. [Document 52018DC0109]. Available from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0109
EU. European Parliament. (2017). On FinTech: The influence of technology on the future of the financial sector. [2016/2243 (INI)]. Available from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-8-2017-0176_EN.html
EU. ULC. (2020). Virtual Currency Business Act, Regulation of. [Online]. Available from https://www.uniformlaws.org/committees/community-home?CommunityKey=e104aaa8-c10f-45a7-a34a-0423c2106778
EUBlockchain. (2020). Eu Blockchain Obseervatory & Forum. [Online]. Available from https://www.eublockchainforum.eu/
Faia, E. & Paiella, M. (2019). The role of Fintech for the Capital Markets Union. In: F. Allen, E. Faia, M.l Haliassos & K. Langenbucher, (Ed.). Capital Markets Union and Beyond. Cambridge: The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11080.003.0014
Findexable. (2019). The global fintech index 2020. Findexable Limited. [Online]. Available at: https://findexable.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Findexable_Global-Fintech-Rankings-2020exSFA.pdf
Foster, J. (2018, december 4). 21 Teffifying cybercrime statistics. Data Connectors. [Online]. Available: https://www.dataconnectors.com/technews/21-terrifying-cyber-crime-statistics/
Gorjón, S. (2018). The growth of the Fintech industry in China: a singular case. Economic Bulletin, 4. Available from https://
Gruin, J. & Knaack, P. (2019). Not just another shadow bank: Chinese authoritarian capitalism in the “developmental” promise of digital innovation. New Political Economy, 25(3), 370–387. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2018.1562437
Jarne, P. (2018). La Unión Europea ante el reto de las Fintech. Algunas notas al Plan de Acción en materia de tecnología financiera. Revista de Estudios Europeos, (72), 118–128. Available from http://www.ree-uva.es/index.php/sumarios/2018/n-72-julio-diciembre-2018/155-la-union-europea-ante-el-reto-de-las-fintech-algunas-notas-al-plan-de-accion-en-materia-de-tecnologia-financiera
JD Alois. (2019, October 21). Financial Services Innovation Act seeks to mandate innovation offices in federal agencies that impact Fintech. Crowdfund Insider. [Online]. Available from https://www.crowdfundinsider.com/2019/10/153145-financial-services-innovation-act-seeks-to-mandate-innovation-offices-in-federal-agencies-the-impact-fintech/
Johansson, E., Sutinen, K., Lassila, J., Lang, V., Martikainen, M. & Lehner, O. (2019). Regtech. A necessary tool to keep up with compliance and regulatory changes? ACRN Oxford Journal of Finance and Risk Perspective, 8(Special Issue Digital Accounting), 71–82. Available: http://www.acrn-journals.eu/resources/SI08_2019f.pdf
Klebeck, U. (2019). FinReg, FinTech, and RegTech –Quo Vadis, EU? In: J. Barberis, D. Arner & R. P. Buckley (Ed.), The RegTech Book: the financial technology handbook for investors, entrepreneurs and visionaries in regulation (pp. 199–204). New Delhi: Millennial Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119362197.ch38
Lehmann, M. (2019). Global Rules for a Global Market Place? – The regulation and supervision of Fintech Providers. [EBI Working Papers Series, 2019–no. 45]. Available from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3421963
Magnuson, W. (2018). Regulating Fintech. Vanderbilt Law Review, 71(4), 1167–1226. Available from https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1033&context=vlr
Maldonado, M. (2018). El fenómeno de la financiarización y sus efectos sociales. Breve análisis del caso colombiano. In vestigium Ire, 12(1), 186–216, Available from http://revistas.ustatunja.edu.co/index.php/ivestigium/article/view/1697
Morsy, S. (2014). The JOBS Act and crowdfunding: How narrowing the secondary market handicaps fraud plaintiffs. Brooklyn Law Review, 39(3). 1373–1405. Available from https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1059&context=blr
Nolasco, M. (2017). El Mercado de Fintech en Estados Unidos. Noviembre 2017. [eM. Estudios de Mercado. Resumen Ejecutivo]. Madrid: ICEX. Available from https://www.icex.es/icex/es/navegacion-principal/todos-nuestros-servicios/informacion-de-mercados/paises/navegacion-principal/el-mercado/estudios-informes/DOC2017773235.html?idPais=US
Noya, E. (2016). ¿Es el fintech el mayor desafío que afronta la banca? Revista Harvard Deusto, (254). Available from https://www.harvard-deusto.com/es-el-fintech-el-mayor-desafio-que-afronta-la-banca
NYS. (november 7, 2014). Virtual Currency. [Online]. Available from https://www.dfs.ny.gov/apps_and_licensing/virtual_currency_businesses/bitlicense_faqs
OCC. (2020). Office of the Comptoller of the Currency. [Online]. Available: https://www.occ.treas.gov/
Omarova, S. (2020). Dealing with disruption: emerging approaches to Fintech regulation. [Cornell Law School Research Paper, No. 20-17]. Available from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3576609
PWC. (2019). Crossing the lines: How Fintech is propelling FS and TMT firms out of their lanes. [Global Fintech Report 2019]. Available from https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/industries/financial-services/assets/pwc-global-fintech-report-2019.pdf
Republic of Colombia. Presidency of the Republic. (February 14, 2020). By which Decree 2555 of 2010 is amended in relation to correspondents, electronic savings accounts, electronic deposits, low amount credit and other provisions. [Decree 222] Oficial Journal: 51.228. Available: http://svrpubindc.imprenta.gov.co/diario/index.xhtml
Republic of Colombia. Congress of the Republic. (July 31, 2018). By which Decree 2555 of 2010 is amended in relation to the activity of collaborative financing. [Decree 1357] OJ: 50.671. Available: http://svrpubindc.imprenta.gov.co/diario/index.xhtml
Republic of Colombia. Congress of the Republic. (May. 25, 2019). National Development Plan 2018-2022. [Act 1955]. OJ: 50.964. Available: http://svrpubindc.imprenta.gov.co/diario/index.xhtml
Republic of Colombia. SFC. (2020). Innova SFC. [Online]. Available from https://www.superfinanciera.gov.co/jsp/10097165
Shapovalov, M. (2015). Derecho financiero internacional: Historia, estado actual y perspectivas de desarrollo. Dikaion, 24(1), 171–195. Disponible en https://dikaion.unisabana.edu.co/index.php/dikaion/article/view/4324/4096
Schumpeter, J. (1943). Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. London and New York: Routledge.
USA. House of representatives. (2019). Financial Services Innovation Act of 2019. Res. 4767, 116th Cong. Reg. Available from https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/4767/text?r=6&s=1
USA. H. R. (2012). Small Company Capital Formation Act of 2011. Res. 1070, 112th Cong. Res. Available from https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/house-bill/1070
USA. H. R. (2010). Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Res. 4173, 111th Cong. Reg. Available from https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-bill/4173
USA. SEC. (october 1, 2018). FinHub. [Online]. Available from https://www.sec.gov/finhub
Vives, X. (2019). Digital Disruption in banking. Annual Review of Financial Economics, 11, 243–272. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-financial-100719-120854
Vullo, M. (2018). New York State. Department of Financial Services. [Online Lending Report]. Available from https://www.dfs.ny.gov/docs/reportpub/online_lending_survey_rpt_07112018.pdf
World Bank. (2019). Country Partnership Framework for the People’s Republic of China for the period FY 2020-2025. [Report No. 117875-CN]. Available from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/902781575573489712/pdf/China-Country-Partnership-Framework-for-the-Period-FY2020-2025.pdf
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Published
2020-11-19
How to Cite
Maldonado Narváez, M. I. (2020). Necessity of a fintech global regulation. JURIDICAS CUC, 17(1), 65–86. https://doi.org/10.17981/juridcuc.17.1.2021.03
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