Dos métodos matemáticos para estudiar la eutrofización por fósforo de un humedal en Puerto Rico
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17981/ingecuc.15.1.2019.06Palabras clave:
fósforo total, fósforo soluble reactivo, nitrógeno total, punto de equilibrio, eutrofización, hipereutrofización, método de agrupamiento de grises, dinámica del fósforoResumen
Introducción: Laguna Cartagena (LC), es un humedal en Lajas, Puerto Rico, que ha sido afectado negativamente por nutrientes, principalmente escorrentía de fósforo de las actividades agrícolas hasta el final del cultivo de la caña de azúcar a fines del siglo XX. Estas condiciones han propiciado que, la concentración de P permaneciera alta en un estado hipereutrófico, el cual era irremediable incluso después de una reducción de 5 veces en la concentración de nutrientes del agua fuente.
Objetivo: El objetivo principal de este artículo de investigación es aplicar dos métodos matemáticos diferentes para evaluar el nivel de eutrofización de un humedal en Puerto Rico.
Metodología: El Método de Agrupamiento de Grises (GCM) se usó para clasificar el estado eutrófico de LC aplicando los estándares tróficos internacional y chino y dos parámetros, Fósforo Total (TP) y Nitrógeno Total (TN). La media de TP y TN en el sustrato del fondo consolidado de LC y las muestras de floculencia se utilizaron para clasificar LC. Para analizar si LC puede recuperarse, se utilizó fósforo reactivo soluble (SRP) y TP a partir de muestras de agua a la entrada, salida y centro de LC para modelar (ecuación diferencial) la entrada y pérdida de fósforo en LC y determinar si existe un punto
de equilibrio. El análisis GCM clasificó a la LC como un humedal eutrófico utilizando el estándar internacional e hipereutrófico utilizando el estándar chino.
Resultados: La clasificación del estado trófico no presentó variaciones con el uso del sustrato de fondo consolidado versus las muestras de floculencia. El modelo de ecuaciones diferenciales mostró que los niveles de SRP y TP dentro de LC fueron más altos que los niveles de SRP y TP que entran en LC, lo que podría ser causado por un proceso de reciclaje de nutrientes dentro de LC que puede predecir el fracaso de los esfuerzos de remediación. Se encontró un punto de equilibrio a nivel eutrófico, lo que significa que incluso si hay una reducción en la entrada de fósforo, no habrá un cambio en el estado eutrófico de LC.
Conclusiones: El estándar trófico chino indicó que la LC estaba en un estado hipertrófico. Se encontraron resultados similares usando el estándar internacional. El modelo de ecuaciones diferenciales mostró que LC es irreversible.
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