Pobreza y funcionamiento psicológico. Revisión sucinta de una relación en dos vías
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17981/cultedusoc.8.1.2017.05Palabras clave:
Psicología cognitiva; economía del comportamiento; pobreza; marcos de decisión; teoría del prospectoResumen
Los estudios acerca de la pobreza y sus efectos sociales, políticos, culturales y económicos han ocupado un lugar central en las ciencias sociales. La combinación de los campos de conocimiento de la Psicología y la Economía han hecho grandes contribuciones a dilucidar sus relaciones. El propósito de esta revisión sucinta es sintetizar las tendencias conceptuales de la psicología cognitiva sobre la pobreza como fenómeno social en dos versiones: (a) la pobreza determinada por aspectos psicológicos del decisor como enfoque primigenio al problema y (b) la afectación de las condiciones de pobreza al funcionamiento psicológico como visión contemporánea que inspira la acción disciplinar y política multilateral. Se discuten los hallazgos sobre afectación psicológica que dieron lugar al cambio en la política económica mundial de lucha contra la pobreza y las implicaciones metodológicas y teóricas para la psicología de asumir la pobreza como condición de decisión y no como característica de la muestra.
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Bertrand, M., Mullainathan, S., & Shafir, E. (2006). Behavioral economics and marketing in aid of decision making among the poor. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 25(1), 8 - 23. doi:10.1509/jppm.25.1.8
Calvo, A., & Bialystok, E. (2014). Independent effects of bilingualism and socioeconomic status on language ability and executive functioning. Cognition, (130), 278 - 288. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.015
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Carr, S. C., Thompson, M., Dalal, A. K., de Guzman, J. M., Munns, A., & Steadman, A. (2014). Psychology and poverty reduction: A global special issue. International perspectives in psychology: Research, practice, consultation, 3(4), 215-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ipp0000021
Carvalho, L. S., Meier, S., & Wang, S. W. (2016). Poverty and Economic Decision-Making: Evidence from Changes in Financial Resources at Payday. The American Economic Review, 106(2), 260–284. http://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20140481
Curran, L. (2002). The psychology of poverty: professional social work and aid to dependent children in postwar America: 1946 - 1963. Social Service Review(Septiembre), 365-386. https://doi.org/10.1086/341180
Darminger, A., Hayes, J., Barrows, A., & Wright, J. (2015). Poverty interupted: Applying behavioral science to the context of chronic scarcity. Ideas, 42.
Deck, C., & Jahedi, S. (2015). The effect of cognitive load on economic decision making: A survey and new experiments. European Economic Review, (78), 97-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.05.004
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Dornbusch, R., & Edwards, S. (1991). The macroeconomics of populism in Latin America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Duflo, E. (2006). Poor but rational? En A. Banerjee, R. Benabou, & D. Mookherjee, Understanding poverty (págs. 367-378). New York: Oxford University Press.
Graham, C. (1994). Safety nets, politics and the poor. Transitions to a market economy. Washington D.C: Brookings Institution.
Hall, C., Zhao, J., & Shafir, E. (2013). Self-Affirmation among the poor: cognitive and behavioral implications. Psychological Science, 25(2), 619 - 625. doi: 10.1177/0956797613510949
Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1979). Automatic and effortful processes in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 108(3), 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.108.3.356
Haushofer, J., & Fehr, E. (2014). On the psychology of poverty. Science, 344(6186), 862 - 867. doi: 10.1126/science.1232491
Jiménez, W., Jorge, C., Cristancho, J., & Gómez, S. (2016). Algunas causas y consecuencias psicológicas de la pobreza: análisis entre países e individuos. Bogotá.
Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and effort. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Kahneman, D. (2003). Mapas de racionalidad limitada: psicología para una economía conductual. Revista Asturiana de Economía, (28), 181 - 225.
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: an analysis of decisions under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263-291. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1914185
Katsnelson, A. (2015). News Feature: The neuroscience of poverty. PNAS, 112(51), 15530 - 15532. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1522683112
Katz, M. (1989). The undeserving poor: from the war on poverty to the war on welfare. New York: Pantheon.
Lipina, S., & Posner, M. (2012). The impact of poverty on the development of brain networks. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 1 - 12. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00238
Mani, A., Mullainathan, S., Shafir, E., & Zhao, J. (2013). Poverty impedes cognitive function. Science, 341(6149), 976 - 980. doi: 10.1126/science.1238041
McClelland, D. (1978). Managing Motivation to expand human freedom. American Psychologist, 33(3), 201. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.33.3.201
Mullainathan, S., & Shafir, E. (2016). Escasez: ¿Por qué tener poco significa tanto? (Primera ed.). México D.F: Fondo de la Cultura Económica.
Noble, K., Norman, M., & Farah, M. (2005). Neurocognitive correlates of socioeconomic status in kindergarten children. Developmental Science, 8(1), 74 - 87. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00394.x
Posner, M. I., & Snyder, C. R. (1975). Facilitation and inhibition in the processing of signals. Attention and performance, V, 669-682.
Raizada, R., Richards, T., Meltzoff, A., & Kuhl, P. (2008). Socioeconomic status predicts hemispheric specialisation of the left inferior frontal gyrus in young children. Neuroimage, 40(3), 1392 - 1401. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.01.021
Sachs, J. (2006). The end of poverty: Economic possibilities for our time. Londres: Penguin Random House.
Schilbach, F., Schofield, H., & Mullainathan, S. (2016). The Psychological Lives of the Poor. The American Economic Review, 106(5), 435-440.
Sen, A. (2015). Desarrollo y libertad (Décima tercera ed.). Bogotá: Planeta.
Shah, A., Mullainathan, S., & Shafir, E. (2012). Some consequences of having too little. Science, 338(6107), 682 - 686. doi: 10.1126/science.1222426
Shah, A., Shafir, E., & Mullainathan, S. (2015). Scarcity frames value. Psychological Science, 26(4), 402 - 412.
Sheehy-Skeffington, J., & Haushofer, J. (2014). The behavioural economics of poverty. En I. I. Development, Barriers to and opportunities for poverty reduction: prospects for private sector - led interventions (pág. 176). Istanbul: United Nations Development Programme.
Shefrin, H. (2002). Beyond greed and fear. Understanding behavioral finance and the psychology of investing. New York: Oxford University Press.
Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory. Psychological Review, 84(2), 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.127
Simon, H. A. (1972). Theories of bounded rationality. Decision and organization, 1(1), 161 - 176.
Spears, D. (2011). Economic decision - making in poverty depletes behavioral control. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 11(1), 1-40. doi: https://doi.org/10.2202/1935-1682.2973
Sunstein, C. (2000). Behavioral Law and Economics. Estados Unidos: Cambridge University Press.
Thaler, R. (2000). From Homo Economicus to Homo Sapiens. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(1), 133 - 141. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2647056
Tomassini, A. (2009) Ensayos de filosofía de la psicología (Tercera edición). Guadalajara: Universidad de Guadalajara
Turner, K., & Lehning, A. (2007). Psychological theories of poverty. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 16(1-2), 57-72. doi:10.1300/J137v16n01_05
United Nations Development Programme. (2015). Human Development Report 2015. Washington: Human Development Report Office. Recuperado el 22 de Septiembre de 2016, de http://report.hdr.undp.org/
World Bank. (2015). World Development Report: Mind, society and behavior. Washington D.C: World Bank.
Aghion, P., & Armendáriz, B. (2006). A new growth approach to poverty alleviation. En A. Banerjee, R. Benabou, & D. Mookherjee, Understanding poverty (págs. 73-84). New York: Oxford Press University.
Banerjee, A., & Duflo, E. (2007). The economics lives of the poor. Journal of economic perspectives, 21(1), 141 - 167.
Banerjee, A., Benabou, R., & Mookherjee, D. (2006). Understanding poverty. New York: Oxford Press University.
Banerjee, A., & Mullainathan, S. (2010). The shape of temptation: implications for the economic lives of the poor. Working Paper 15973. National Bureau of Economic Research.
Banerjee, A., Duflo, E., Glennerster, R., & Kinnan, C. (2013). The Miracle of Microfinance? Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation. MIT Department of Economics Working Paper No. 13-09.
Bertrand, M., Mullainathan, S., & Shafir, E. (2004). A behavioral economics view of poverty. American Economic Review, 94(2), 419 - 423. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3592921
Bertrand, M., Mullainathan, S., & Shafir, E. (2006). Behavioral economics and marketing in aid of decision making among the poor. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 25(1), 8 - 23. doi:10.1509/jppm.25.1.8
Calvo, A., & Bialystok, E. (2014). Independent effects of bilingualism and socioeconomic status on language ability and executive functioning. Cognition, (130), 278 - 288. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.015
Camerer, C., & Loewenstein, G. (2004). Behavioral economics: past, present, future. En C. Camerer, G. Loewenstein, & M. Rabin, Advances in behavioral economics (pág. 725). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Carr, S. C., Thompson, M., Dalal, A. K., de Guzman, J. M., Munns, A., & Steadman, A. (2014). Psychology and poverty reduction: A global special issue. International perspectives in psychology: Research, practice, consultation, 3(4), 215-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ipp0000021
Carvalho, L. S., Meier, S., & Wang, S. W. (2016). Poverty and Economic Decision-Making: Evidence from Changes in Financial Resources at Payday. The American Economic Review, 106(2), 260–284. http://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20140481
Curran, L. (2002). The psychology of poverty: professional social work and aid to dependent children in postwar America: 1946 - 1963. Social Service Review(Septiembre), 365-386. https://doi.org/10.1086/341180
Darminger, A., Hayes, J., Barrows, A., & Wright, J. (2015). Poverty interupted: Applying behavioral science to the context of chronic scarcity. Ideas, 42.
Deck, C., & Jahedi, S. (2015). The effect of cognitive load on economic decision making: A survey and new experiments. European Economic Review, (78), 97-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.05.004
Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas. (02 de Marzo de 2016). Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas. Recuperado el 13 de Octubre de 2016, de https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/condiciones_vida/pobreza/bol_pobreza_15_.pdf
Dornbusch, R., & Edwards, S. (1991). The macroeconomics of populism in Latin America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Duflo, E. (2006). Poor but rational? En A. Banerjee, R. Benabou, & D. Mookherjee, Understanding poverty (págs. 367-378). New York: Oxford University Press.
Graham, C. (1994). Safety nets, politics and the poor. Transitions to a market economy. Washington D.C: Brookings Institution.
Hall, C., Zhao, J., & Shafir, E. (2013). Self-Affirmation among the poor: cognitive and behavioral implications. Psychological Science, 25(2), 619 - 625. doi: 10.1177/0956797613510949
Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1979). Automatic and effortful processes in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 108(3), 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.108.3.356
Haushofer, J., & Fehr, E. (2014). On the psychology of poverty. Science, 344(6186), 862 - 867. doi: 10.1126/science.1232491
Jiménez, W., Jorge, C., Cristancho, J., & Gómez, S. (2016). Algunas causas y consecuencias psicológicas de la pobreza: análisis entre países e individuos. Bogotá.
Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and effort. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Kahneman, D. (2003). Mapas de racionalidad limitada: psicología para una economía conductual. Revista Asturiana de Economía, (28), 181 - 225.
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: an analysis of decisions under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263-291. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1914185
Katsnelson, A. (2015). News Feature: The neuroscience of poverty. PNAS, 112(51), 15530 - 15532. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1522683112
Katz, M. (1989). The undeserving poor: from the war on poverty to the war on welfare. New York: Pantheon.
Lipina, S., & Posner, M. (2012). The impact of poverty on the development of brain networks. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 1 - 12. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00238
Mani, A., Mullainathan, S., Shafir, E., & Zhao, J. (2013). Poverty impedes cognitive function. Science, 341(6149), 976 - 980. doi: 10.1126/science.1238041
McClelland, D. (1978). Managing Motivation to expand human freedom. American Psychologist, 33(3), 201. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.33.3.201
Mullainathan, S., & Shafir, E. (2016). Escasez: ¿Por qué tener poco significa tanto? (Primera ed.). México D.F: Fondo de la Cultura Económica.
Noble, K., Norman, M., & Farah, M. (2005). Neurocognitive correlates of socioeconomic status in kindergarten children. Developmental Science, 8(1), 74 - 87. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00394.x
Posner, M. I., & Snyder, C. R. (1975). Facilitation and inhibition in the processing of signals. Attention and performance, V, 669-682.
Raizada, R., Richards, T., Meltzoff, A., & Kuhl, P. (2008). Socioeconomic status predicts hemispheric specialisation of the left inferior frontal gyrus in young children. Neuroimage, 40(3), 1392 - 1401. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.01.021
Sachs, J. (2006). The end of poverty: Economic possibilities for our time. Londres: Penguin Random House.
Schilbach, F., Schofield, H., & Mullainathan, S. (2016). The Psychological Lives of the Poor. The American Economic Review, 106(5), 435-440.
Sen, A. (2015). Desarrollo y libertad (Décima tercera ed.). Bogotá: Planeta.
Shah, A., Mullainathan, S., & Shafir, E. (2012). Some consequences of having too little. Science, 338(6107), 682 - 686. doi: 10.1126/science.1222426
Shah, A., Shafir, E., & Mullainathan, S. (2015). Scarcity frames value. Psychological Science, 26(4), 402 - 412.
Sheehy-Skeffington, J., & Haushofer, J. (2014). The behavioural economics of poverty. En I. I. Development, Barriers to and opportunities for poverty reduction: prospects for private sector - led interventions (pág. 176). Istanbul: United Nations Development Programme.
Shefrin, H. (2002). Beyond greed and fear. Understanding behavioral finance and the psychology of investing. New York: Oxford University Press.
Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory. Psychological Review, 84(2), 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.127
Simon, H. A. (1972). Theories of bounded rationality. Decision and organization, 1(1), 161 - 176.
Spears, D. (2011). Economic decision - making in poverty depletes behavioral control. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 11(1), 1-40. doi: https://doi.org/10.2202/1935-1682.2973
Sunstein, C. (2000). Behavioral Law and Economics. Estados Unidos: Cambridge University Press.
Thaler, R. (2000). From Homo Economicus to Homo Sapiens. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(1), 133 - 141. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2647056
Tomassini, A. (2009) Ensayos de filosofía de la psicología (Tercera edición). Guadalajara: Universidad de Guadalajara
Turner, K., & Lehning, A. (2007). Psychological theories of poverty. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 16(1-2), 57-72. doi:10.1300/J137v16n01_05
United Nations Development Programme. (2015). Human Development Report 2015. Washington: Human Development Report Office. Recuperado el 22 de Septiembre de 2016, de http://report.hdr.undp.org/
World Bank. (2015). World Development Report: Mind, society and behavior. Washington D.C: World Bank.
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Publicado
2017-06-12
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Castiblanco-Moreno, S. E., & Medina-Arboleda, I. F. (2017). Pobreza y funcionamiento psicológico. Revisión sucinta de una relación en dos vías. Cultura Educación Sociedad, 8(1), 71–84. https://doi.org/10.17981/cultedusoc.8.1.2017.05
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