International experience in personal data protection
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17981/juridcuc.16.1.2020.17Keywords:
personal data, personal data processing, personal data protection, human rightsAbstract
The article is devoted to the analysis of various approaches to the protection of personal data in Russia and the European Union. In order to determine the importance of observing the right to protection of personal data, a number of documents of the European Commission adopted over the past few years have been analyzed. General scientific and special legal methods of cognition allowed for a comparative analysis of Regulation 2016/679 on the Protection of Individuals in the Processing of Personal Data and Their Free Movement (2018) and EU Directive 2016/680. Although Russia has ratified the Council of Europe Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data (1981), it has not been able to solve a number of problems related to the mandatory notification about personal data leaks, protection of personal data during their processing and against unauthorized access, etc. As a result, conclusions are drawn regarding the prevailing approaches to the definition of personal data and a unified conceptual and categorical apparatus in the field of personal data. Proposals for the modernization of Russian legislation based on international experience are made as well.
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References
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Federal Republic of Germany. Ministry of Justice. (may 26, 1994). Social Code - Book XI - Social Care. [INFORM - P60279]. Federal Law Gazette Part I, No. 30, pp. 1014–1073. Available from https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=41168
Gribanov, A. A. (2018). General Regulations on Personal Data Protection: Ideas for Improving Russian Legislation. ЮрФак, (3), 149–162. Available from https://urfac.ru/?p=437
Isaev, A. S. and Khlyupina, E. A. (2014). Legal Basis of Organization of Personal Data Protection. St. Petersburg: NIU ITMO.
Italy Republic. President of the Republic. (march, 19, 2010). Measures to Guarantee the Access to Palliative and Pain Treatments. [No. 38/2010]. DO Serie General Nº 65. Available from http://www.trovanorme.salute.gov.it/norme/dettaglioAtto?aggiornamenti=&attoCompleto=si&id=32922&page=&anno=null
Jakovleva, O. (march 10, 2014). How to refuse consent to the processing of personal data? Citizens blame operators. Russian forlk line. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://ruskline.ru/analitika/2014/03/11/kak_otkazatsya_ot_soglasiya_na_obrabotku_personalnyh_dannyh
Krylova, M. S. (2017). Principles of Personal Data Processing in the Law of the EU. Actual Problems of the Russian Law, 10(83), 175–181. Retrieved from https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/printsipy-obrabotki-personalnyh-dannyh-v-prave-evropeyskogo-soyuza
Mikhailov, I. A. (2017). Personal Data and Its Legal Protection: Some Problems of Theory and Practice. Laws of Russia: Experience, Analysis, Practice, (10), 11–18. Available from https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=30575445
Mukhatayev, A. (july 28, 2014). The Right to be Forgotten: How Personal Data Is Treated Abroad: a textbook. Look at me. [Online]. Retrieved from http://www.lookatme.ru/mag/live/interweb/206257-personal-data-internet
Naumov, V. B. and Arkhipov, V. V. (2016). The Concept of Personal Data: Interpretation in the Development of Information and Telecommunication Technologies. Russian juridical journal, 2, 186–196. Available from http://base.garant.ru/57285391/
Pazyuk, A. and Sokolova M. (2015). Personal Data Protection: Introduction to the Problem. Belarus: Minsk. Available from https://www.lawtrend.org/pdf-viewer?file=https://www.lawtrend.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Zashhita-personalnyh-dannyh_Uchebnoe-posobie.pdf
Petrykina, N. I. (2011). Legal regulation of personal data circulation: theory and practice. Moscow: Statut.
Postnikova, E. V. (2018). Some Aspects of the Legal Regulation of Personal Data Protection within the Internal Market of the EU. Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, (1), 234–254. Available from https://law-journal.hse.ru/2018--1/218420548.html
RF. Constitutional Court. (december 24, 2013). On refusal to accept for consideration the complaint of citizen Zolotonosov Mikhail Naftalievich about violation of his constitutional rights by Part 3 of Article 25 of the Federal Law on archiving in the Russian Federation. [Definition No. 2128-O]. Available from http://base.garant.ru/70580804/
RF. President of the Federation. (December 19, 2016). On the Program of state guarantees of free medical care for citizens for 2017 and for the planning period of 2018 and 2019. [Ministerial Decree No. 1403]. Available from https://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=92328
RF. Ministry of Health. (april 14, 2015). On approval of the Procedure for the provision of palliative medical care for adults. [Order No. 187H]. Registro N 37182. Available from http://base.garant.ru/71014388/
RF. State Duma. (november 13, 1994). The Civil Code of the Russian Federation. [Part One N 51-FZ]. RU083. Available from https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ru/ru083en.pdf
RF. State Duma. (july 26, 2006). On Personal Data. [Federal Law No. 152-FZ]. Available from https://pd.rkn.gov.ru/authority/p146/p164/
RF. State Duma. (july 27, 2006). On Information, Information Technologies, and Information Protection. [Federal Law No. 149-FZ]. Available from https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ru/ru126en.pdf
Ruzanova, V. D. (2019). Problems of correlation of the right to privacy and the right to personal data protection. Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice, (9), 17–22. Available from http://www.bukvoved.ru/article_72.html
Saveliev, A. I. (2017). Scientific and practical article-by-article commentary on the Federal Law “On Personal Data”. Moscow: Statut.
Sitdikova, L. B., Shilovskaya, A. L., Starodumova, S. J., Volkova, M. A. and Neznamova, A. A. (2016). The Problem of Holding Tour Operator Accountable for not Property Information Tourists. Man in India, 96(12), 5627–5634. Available from https://serialsjournals.com/abstract/18906_ch_65_-_sitdikova_783060.pdf
Tchinaryan, E. O., Lavrentieva, M. S., Kuchenin, E. S. and Neznamova, A. A. (2019). Digital Technologies of the European Union in Personal Data Protection. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 5(12), 3600–3604. http://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.L3798.1081219
The People’s Republic of China. Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2013-01-09). Hospice Palliative Care Act. [Law of 2013]. Available from https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=L0020066
Varlamova, N. V. (2013). National Security as a Basis for Limiting Human Rights. Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences, (1). Retrieved from https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/interesy-natsionalnoy-bezopasnosti-kak-osnovanie-ogranicheniya-prav-cheloveka-po-materialam-praktiki-evropeyskogo-suda-po-pravam
Zhuravlev, M. S. (2016). Personal Data Protection in Telemedicine. Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, (3), 72–84. Available from https://law-journal.hse.ru/2016--3/194855510.html
Bennett, С. and Raab, С. (2003). The Governance of Privacy: Policy Instruments in Global Perspective. London: MIT Press.
Chikishev, N. A. (2019). Basic Principles of the General Regulations on Personal Data Protection of the European Union. MediaScope, (1). Retrieved from http://www.mediascope.ru/2528
Churilov, A. (2019). Principles of the General Regulation of the European Union on Personal Data Protection (GDPR): Problems and Prospects of Implementation. Siberian legal review, 16(1), 29–35. Retrieved from https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/printsipy-obschego-reglamenta-evropeyskogo-soyuza-o-zaschite-personalnyh-dannyh-gdpr-problemy-i-perspektivy-implementatsii
Commonwealth of Australia. South Australia. (april 27, 1995). Consent to Medical Treatment and Palliative Care. [Act 1995]. Available from https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/A/CONSENT%20TO%20MEDICAL%20TREATMENT%20AND%20PALLIATIVE%20CARE%20ACT%201995.aspx
Dolinskaya, V. V. (2019). Protection of rights in the field of personal data in Russia and the EU. Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice, (9), 22–29. Available from https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=41025829
ECHR. (1950). European Convention on Human Rights. [Online]. Available from https://www.echr.coe.int/Pages/home.aspx?p=basictexts
Erokhina, E. V. (2016). European Family Law. Orenburg: IPK University LLC.
EU. (may 09, 2008). Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union. [Documento C:2008:115:TOC]. Official Journal of the European Union, 2008/C115/01. Available from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/ALL/?uri=OJ%3AC%3A2008%3A115%3ATOC
EU. (december 18, 2000). Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. [2000/C364/01]. Official Journal of the European Communities: JOC_2000_364_R_0001_01. Available from https://op.europa.eu/es/publication-detail/-/publication/7d72ec48-93a1-4848-892f-31c7a1b6d9da/language-en
EU. European Parlament. (february 7, 1992). TEU. [Document 11992M/TXT]. Official Journal: C191. Available from http://data.europa.eu/eli/treaty/teu/sign
EU. European Parliament and High Camera. (april 27, 2016). Protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation). [Regulation (EU) 2016/679]. Official Journal of the European Communities: L119. Available from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj
EU. European Parliament and High Camera. (april 27, 2016). On the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by competent authorities for the purposes of the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal offences or the execution of criminal penalties, and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Council Framework Decision 2008/977/JHA. [Directive (EU) 2016/680]. Oficial Journal of the European Union: L119. Available from http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2016/680/oj
EU. European Parliament and High Camera. (december 18, 2001). On the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data by the Community institutions and bodies and on the free movement of such data. [Regulation 45/2001]. Oficial Journal of the European Union: L008. Available from http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2001/45/oj
EU. European Parliament and High Camera. (june 8, 2000). On certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market ('Directive on electronic commerce'). [Directive 2000/31C]. Oficial Journal of the European Union: L119. Available from http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2000/31/oj
EU. European Parliament and High Camera. (october 24, 1995). On the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data. [Directive 95/46/EC]. Oficial Journal of the European Union: L281. Available from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A31995L0046
Federal Republic of Germany. Ministry of Justice. (may 26, 1994). Social Code - Book XI - Social Care. [INFORM - P60279]. Federal Law Gazette Part I, No. 30, pp. 1014–1073. Available from https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=41168
Gribanov, A. A. (2018). General Regulations on Personal Data Protection: Ideas for Improving Russian Legislation. ЮрФак, (3), 149–162. Available from https://urfac.ru/?p=437
Isaev, A. S. and Khlyupina, E. A. (2014). Legal Basis of Organization of Personal Data Protection. St. Petersburg: NIU ITMO.
Italy Republic. President of the Republic. (march, 19, 2010). Measures to Guarantee the Access to Palliative and Pain Treatments. [No. 38/2010]. DO Serie General Nº 65. Available from http://www.trovanorme.salute.gov.it/norme/dettaglioAtto?aggiornamenti=&attoCompleto=si&id=32922&page=&anno=null
Jakovleva, O. (march 10, 2014). How to refuse consent to the processing of personal data? Citizens blame operators. Russian forlk line. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://ruskline.ru/analitika/2014/03/11/kak_otkazatsya_ot_soglasiya_na_obrabotku_personalnyh_dannyh
Krylova, M. S. (2017). Principles of Personal Data Processing in the Law of the EU. Actual Problems of the Russian Law, 10(83), 175–181. Retrieved from https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/printsipy-obrabotki-personalnyh-dannyh-v-prave-evropeyskogo-soyuza
Mikhailov, I. A. (2017). Personal Data and Its Legal Protection: Some Problems of Theory and Practice. Laws of Russia: Experience, Analysis, Practice, (10), 11–18. Available from https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=30575445
Mukhatayev, A. (july 28, 2014). The Right to be Forgotten: How Personal Data Is Treated Abroad: a textbook. Look at me. [Online]. Retrieved from http://www.lookatme.ru/mag/live/interweb/206257-personal-data-internet
Naumov, V. B. and Arkhipov, V. V. (2016). The Concept of Personal Data: Interpretation in the Development of Information and Telecommunication Technologies. Russian juridical journal, 2, 186–196. Available from http://base.garant.ru/57285391/
Pazyuk, A. and Sokolova M. (2015). Personal Data Protection: Introduction to the Problem. Belarus: Minsk. Available from https://www.lawtrend.org/pdf-viewer?file=https://www.lawtrend.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Zashhita-personalnyh-dannyh_Uchebnoe-posobie.pdf
Petrykina, N. I. (2011). Legal regulation of personal data circulation: theory and practice. Moscow: Statut.
Postnikova, E. V. (2018). Some Aspects of the Legal Regulation of Personal Data Protection within the Internal Market of the EU. Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, (1), 234–254. Available from https://law-journal.hse.ru/2018--1/218420548.html
RF. Constitutional Court. (december 24, 2013). On refusal to accept for consideration the complaint of citizen Zolotonosov Mikhail Naftalievich about violation of his constitutional rights by Part 3 of Article 25 of the Federal Law on archiving in the Russian Federation. [Definition No. 2128-O]. Available from http://base.garant.ru/70580804/
RF. President of the Federation. (December 19, 2016). On the Program of state guarantees of free medical care for citizens for 2017 and for the planning period of 2018 and 2019. [Ministerial Decree No. 1403]. Available from https://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=92328
RF. Ministry of Health. (april 14, 2015). On approval of the Procedure for the provision of palliative medical care for adults. [Order No. 187H]. Registro N 37182. Available from http://base.garant.ru/71014388/
RF. State Duma. (november 13, 1994). The Civil Code of the Russian Federation. [Part One N 51-FZ]. RU083. Available from https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ru/ru083en.pdf
RF. State Duma. (july 26, 2006). On Personal Data. [Federal Law No. 152-FZ]. Available from https://pd.rkn.gov.ru/authority/p146/p164/
RF. State Duma. (july 27, 2006). On Information, Information Technologies, and Information Protection. [Federal Law No. 149-FZ]. Available from https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ru/ru126en.pdf
Ruzanova, V. D. (2019). Problems of correlation of the right to privacy and the right to personal data protection. Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice, (9), 17–22. Available from http://www.bukvoved.ru/article_72.html
Saveliev, A. I. (2017). Scientific and practical article-by-article commentary on the Federal Law “On Personal Data”. Moscow: Statut.
Sitdikova, L. B., Shilovskaya, A. L., Starodumova, S. J., Volkova, M. A. and Neznamova, A. A. (2016). The Problem of Holding Tour Operator Accountable for not Property Information Tourists. Man in India, 96(12), 5627–5634. Available from https://serialsjournals.com/abstract/18906_ch_65_-_sitdikova_783060.pdf
Tchinaryan, E. O., Lavrentieva, M. S., Kuchenin, E. S. and Neznamova, A. A. (2019). Digital Technologies of the European Union in Personal Data Protection. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 5(12), 3600–3604. http://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.L3798.1081219
The People’s Republic of China. Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2013-01-09). Hospice Palliative Care Act. [Law of 2013]. Available from https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=L0020066
Varlamova, N. V. (2013). National Security as a Basis for Limiting Human Rights. Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences, (1). Retrieved from https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/interesy-natsionalnoy-bezopasnosti-kak-osnovanie-ogranicheniya-prav-cheloveka-po-materialam-praktiki-evropeyskogo-suda-po-pravam
Zhuravlev, M. S. (2016). Personal Data Protection in Telemedicine. Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, (3), 72–84. Available from https://law-journal.hse.ru/2016--3/194855510.html
Published
2020-06-02
How to Cite
Neznamova, A. A., Kuleshov, G. N., & Turkin, M. M. (2020). International experience in personal data protection. JURIDICAS CUC, 16(1), 391–406. https://doi.org/10.17981/juridcuc.16.1.2020.17
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